Numerous research has been conducted for the benefit of humans, and as a result, Recently biotechnology has expanded its scientific potential beyond only modifying biological systems for human benefit. The world’s technology is evolving quickly. A variety of innovative, useful agricultural tools and goods may be made using this technology in a competent and cost-effective manner. Through the use of living creatures, Increasing food production and reducing the use of pesticides in agriculture is both feasible, reducing the price of raw resources and the negative environmental impact of using traditional manufacturing techniques to make products.
United States National Science Foundation:
For its effective use in the sphere of agriculture, biotechnology depends on developments in biology, chemistry, genetics, and genetic engineering. cell and tissue culture, genomic mapping, recombinant DNA technology, and molecular markers all together for enhancing vegetables, which serve as the foundation for the genetic engineering of microorganisms, plants, and animals. Tissue culture has the capacity to induce genetic variation in vegetable crops, for instance, the gametoclonal, somaclonal, and proto-clonal types of clones observed in plants.
Somaclonal Variation:
It has been extensively used to enhance asexually reproduced foods including potatoes, tomatoes, onions, lettuce, etc. resistant to early blight potato Clones might only exist in detected by injecting a toxin made from Alternaria solani into the leaves of regenerated plants. Chromosomal rearrangements can occasionally result in sterility in crops that are sexually reproduced. Like in the case of potatoes, somaclonal variation does not just occur in certain organs or ex-plants. Plants that were developed from ex-plant leaf discs, rachis, or petioles showed somaclonal variation.
According to Chopra and Narasimhulu’s (1990) research on tomato, among the progeny of 230 regenerates, Somaclonal diversity led to the recovery of roughly 13 distinct nuclear mutations. Because somatic explants regenerate plants more quickly than either gametic cells or protoplasts, somaclonal diversity can be a key factor in developing improved crop varieties and hybrids.
Protoclonal Variation:
The range of diversity among protoclones is noticeably greater than in callus cultivation. Over 1000 protoclones of the Russett Burbank potato variety were evaluated for diversity in terms of features such as growth habit, maturity duration, uniformity of the tubers, skin colour, etc. by Shepard and collaborators in 1980. A few of the protoclones were immune to the side effects of the Alternaria solani toxin. Also recovered were lines that have a late blight resistance. Assessment of 65 chosen protoclones for 35 characters revealed 22 characters to have considerable variance.
Sweet and Spicy Pepper:
To begin with, employing a subtractive suppression 39 cDNAs were found using a hybridization technique that may be related to pungency and The placental-specific expression of and similarity to numerous acyltransferases enzymes were shown by SB2-66. Later, cDNA AT3 was described and the piece of SB2-66 was discovered in the sequence. Pun1 is a recessive gene that controls pungency via an on/off switch paradigm encoded by the AT3 gene. A 2.5 kb deletion across the first exon and promoter causes non-pungency in non-pungent genotypes. Additional possible Capsicumacyl-transferase genes associated with pungency are Catf 1 and Catf 2. A key gene called Csyl 1 is involved in the condensation of vanillylamine with a branched-chain fatty acid to create capsaicinoids was discovered and described by Prasad et al. in 2006. It was discovered that a single nucleotide variation (SNP) connected to the pungent characteristic may successfully distinguish between genotypes with the pungent phenotype.
Melon:
One of the most well-liked fruits is melon. The complex developmental processes involved in fruit growth and ripening involve chlorophyll breakdown, cell wall disintegration, increased sugar content, altered pigment production, and accumulation of flavour and aromatic chemicals to name just a few. It is possible to detect canary yellow and red watermelon fruit using CAPS, a form of cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence when the fruit is still in the seedling stage. Lycopene beta cyclase (LCYB) is a key gene It controls how canary yellow and crimson the watermelon flesh will be coloured.
Carrot:
Carrot taste was improved by using the gene responsible for the delicious protein thaumatin II from Thaumatococcus daniellii. Based on the coding sequence, A binary vector was created for expression in carrot. using the extremely virulent, disarmed Agrobacterium strain CBE21. The insertion of the thaumatin gene was confirmed by PCR. Thaumatin II was expressed at a significant level in carrot roots.
Cauliflower:
The leaves of the cauliflower variety 7642B which even in direct sunshine produces white curds protoplasts were taken out and cultivated many lines generated from early protoplasts generated acceptable-sized curd colour, form and hardness. Most protoplast-derived lines produced curd earlier than the equivalent seed plants.
Garlic:
In cloves of non-bolting, uninteresting garlic clones from the winter and summer ecotypes., esterase isozyme expression was investigated. To get the isozymes patterns, vertical block electrophoresis on Polyacrylamide gels was utilised. Isomerases can be utilised to distinguish between garlic clones since The loci of winter and summer garlic ecotypes differed both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Mandarin Cabbage:
Breeding requires genetic studies of leaf mineralization and zinc stress tolerance. Chinese cabbage to boost its nutritional quality. The genetics of mineral buildup and the growth response to zinc were investigated using a mapping population of 183 double haploid (DH) lines 203 AFLPs, 58 SSRs, 22 SAPs, and 4 ESTPs were utilised to create the genomic map..
142 DH lines growing in an open field had left with 11 minerals counted on them. Additionally, the impacts of typical inadequate and excessive zinc nutritional circumstances were studied in a hydroponics experiment on shoot dry biomass (SDB) were examined. Using numerous QTL model (MQM) mapping, eleven QTLs were identified that described 11.1–17.1% of the variation in the amounts of Na, Mg, P, Al, Fe, Mn, and Zn. One common QTL that had an influence on shoot dry mass was only found under conditions of normal, deficiency, and severe stress (SDB).
Tomato:
Molecular markers were used for Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for a variety of subjective and qual qualities, such as texture, flavour, and scent. Introgression line analysis was performed to locate B on the common tomato linkage map, and it was correlated with two CAPS and SCAR markers. These markers might be employed in a marker-assisted breeding experiment to track the B gene introduced from orange-fruited Lilly cheesmani. Introduce LA317 into breeding lines for red-fruited cultivated tomatoes to create novel genotypes of tomatoes that are more nutrient-dense and have higher beta-carotene content.
Utilizing cross-pollinated cherry tomatoes with delicious flavour, but little and of poor quality line researchers discovered QTLs affecting the variation of tomato quality traits Fruit dry matter, acidity, pH, TSS, sugar, lycopene, carotene, and 12 scent volatiles were also tested chemically the weight, colour, and hardness of fruits were also recorded. The lines were also assessed using descriptive sensory profiling (taste, texture and aroma).
Numerous QTLs were found for all of the traits, some of which were quite significant. This line is a strong contender for improving tomato organoleptic quality since the majority of the beneficial genes for chemical and sensory traits were discovered in the cherry tomato parents. Prior to this time, the concentrations of soluble solids in 100 F3 families of a hybrid between the wild L. chmielewskii accession LA 1028 and the L. esculentum UC82 were assessed There were discovered seven RFLP markers related to the expression of soluble solids. For soluble solids concentration, indirect selection using RFLP genotypes successfully separates F3 families.
Tomato fruits have two distinct sets of fundamental characteristics: their nutritional worth and their organoleptic characteristics (taste, fragrance, etc.). The fruit’s texture, flavour, and scent are all organoleptic in every way. Tomato fruits are an excellent source of many vitamins and minerals as well as sugars, flavonoids, ascorbic acids, folate, and carotenoids with roughly five grammes of dietary fibre, one gramme of fat, 100 calories, and nearly no sodium. In genetically modified tomatoes, expansin or bgalactosidase had an impact on the fruit’s softness and hardness.
Conclusion:
In addition to making significant contributions to vegetable evolution, biotechnology approaches have also been demonstrated to fall short of totally replacing traditional breeding techniques. Several tactics are used in the case that regular breeding methods do not yield the desired outcomes. Due to two main factors, Because they need a high degree of competence and well-equipped facilities, they are not employed more generally because most vegetables do not allow for the regeneration of huge numbers of plants They are still in the early phases of development and must overcome a number of obstacles.
